System and method for workflow management

ABSTRACT

A workflow management system for managing the storage, retrieval, and transport of items in a warehouse includes a voice-directed mobile terminal. The system also includes a server computer in communication with the voice-directed mobile terminal. The server computer includes a tasking module for transmitting task data to the voice-directed mobile terminal. The server computer also includes a workflow-analysis module for generating, based at least in part upon an analysis of workflow dialog between the voice-directed mobile terminal and the user, performance data relating to the performance of tasks associated with the storage, retrieval, and/or transport of the items.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application claims the benefit of priority and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/861,270 entitled System and Method for Workflow Management filed on Sep. 22, 2015 which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/056,327 for a System and Method for Workflow Management filed on Sep. 26, 2014. The foregoing patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to information systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system and method for workflow management.

BACKGROUND

Wearable, mobile, and/or portable computer terminals are used for a wide variety of tasks. Such terminals allow the workers using them (“users”) to maintain mobility, while providing the user with desirable computing, data gathering, and data-processing functions. Furthermore, such terminals often provide a communication link to a larger, more centralized computer system. One example of a specific use for a wearable terminal is a product or warehouse management system (e.g., WMS) that involves product distribution and tracking as well as product inventory management.

Computerized product management systems with portable terminals are used in various inventory/order-based industries, such as food and retail product distribution, manufacturing, and quality control. An overall integrated product management system may utilize a central computer system that runs a program for product tracking and management and for order filling. A plurality of mobile terminals is employed by the user of the system to communicate with the central system for the product handling. The users perform manual product picking and placement tasks per instructions through the terminals provided by the central system. The terminals also allow the users to interface with the computer system, such as to respond to inquiries or confirm the completion of certain tasks. Therefore, an overall integrated management system involves a combination of a central computer system for tracking and management, mobile devices (e.g., wearable terminals), and the people who use and interface with the computer system in the form of order fillers, pickers (e.g., selection operators) and other workers. The workers handle the manual aspects of the integrated management system under the command and control of information transmitted from the central computer system to the wireless wearable terminal.

One particularly efficient system is a voice-directed system that utilizes voice-directed work. More specifically, to provide an interface between the central computer system and the workers or other users, such wearable terminals and the central systems to which they are connected are often voice-driven or speech-driven (e.g., operated or controlled at least in part using human speech). A bi-directional communication stream of information is exchanged, typically over a wireless network, between the wireless wearable terminals and the central computer system. Information received by each wireless wearable terminal from the central system is translated from text into voice instructions or commands for the corresponding worker. Typically, to communicate in a voice-driven system, the worker wears a headset, which is communicatively coupled to a wearable or portable terminal. The headset has a microphone for voice data entry and an ear speaker for playing instructions (e.g., voice instructions). Through the headset, the workers are able to receive voice instructions about their tasks, ask questions, report the progress of their tasks, and report working conditions, such as inventory shortages.

An illustrative example of a set of worker tasks suitable for a wireless wearable terminal with voice capabilities may involve initially welcoming the worker to the computerized inventory management system and defining a particular task or order, for example, filling a load for a particular truck scheduled to depart from a warehouse. The worker may then answer with a particular area (e.g., freezer) that he will be working in for that order. The worker may then be directed to pick items to fill a pallet or bin used for the order. Specifically, the system vocally directs the worker to a particular aisle and bin to pick a particular quantity of an item. The worker then vocally confirms the location that they have gone to and vocally confirms the number of picked items and/or various other information about the picked items. Once the bin or pallet is filled, the system may then direct the worker to a loading dock or bay for a particular truck to receive that order. As will be appreciated, the specific communications between the wireless wearable terminal and the central computer system for such voice-directed work can be task-specific and highly variable.

The mobile terminals and voice-directed work provide a significant efficiency in the performance of the workers' tasks. Specifically, using such terminals, the data-processing work is done virtually hands-free without cumbersome equipment to juggle or paperwork to carry around.

While the utilization of voice-directed mobile terminals tends to improve worker efficiency, existing impediments remain to achieving maximized workflow. For example, shorting occurs when the worker proceeds as instructed to a pickup location (e.g., pickface), but finds that there is not enough product at the pickface to fulfill the order. Additionally, a worker may proceed to the wrong location. This may occur when the worker improperly carries out the instructions as a result of inattentiveness, for example.

Accordingly, a need exists for a workflow management system that analyzes workflow efficiency based at least in part on data retrieved from a voice-directed mobile terminal. A need also exists for a method of workflow management that analyzes workflow efficiency based at least in part on data retrieved from a voice-directed mobile terminal.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention embraces a workflow management system for managing the storage, retrieval and transport of items (e.g., products, goods, etc.) in a warehouse includes a voice-directed mobile terminal (e.g., portable or wearable computerized mobile device). The system also includes a server computer in communication with the voice-directed mobile terminal. The server computer includes a tasking module for transmitting task data to the voice-directed mobile terminal. The server computer also includes a workflow-analysis module for generating, based at least in part upon an analysis of workflow dialog between the voice-directed mobile terminal and the user, performance data relating to the performance (e.g., physical performance) of tasks associated with the storage, retrieval, and/or transport of the items.

In one exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes shorting information.

In another exemplary embodiment, the shorting information includes a shorting rate.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the shorting information includes the calculated time wasted due to a shorting incident.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the time wasted due to a shorting incident is calculated based at least in part upon travel distances derived from a digitized map of the warehouse.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the time wasted due to a shorting incident is calculated based at least in part upon historical travel times.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the time wasted due to a shorting incident is calculated based at least in part upon a rational construction of location identifiers.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the time wasted due to shorting includes time spent performing follow-up activities.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes wrong location information.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes unproductive time information.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes an item's order frequency.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes overtime information.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes recognition information.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes communications network information.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes user confusion information.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the performance data includes an operator-pick-instance-profile.

The foregoing illustrative summary, as well as other exemplary objectives and/or advantages of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further explained within the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a worker using an exemplary voice-directed mobile terminal of a workflow management system in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary workflow management system according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention embraces a workflow management system. The workflow management system analyzes data generated during, by and through the performance of workers utilizing the system. Typically, at least a portion of the analyzed data is generated by, or used in connection with, a voice-directed mobile terminal. FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary voice-directed mobile terminal 10 that may be used in accordance with the workflow management system according to the present disclosure. The voice-directed mobile terminal 10 may be a wearable device, which may be worn by a worker 11 (e.g., on a belt 14) or other user or operator (hereinafter generally “the user”). This allows for hands-free operation. The user 11 is shown operating a piece of transportation equipment 13, such as a pallet jack. The voice-directed mobile terminal 10 might also be manually carried or otherwise transported on a piece of equipment, such as on a pallet jack or industrial vehicle (e.g., forklift).

The use of the term “terminal” herein is not limited and may include any similar computer, device, machine, smartphone, smartwatch, indicia reader, combination, or system. Furthermore, the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 may include multiple pieces with separate housings or may be contained in a single housing similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Therefore, the terminal 10 may also include multiple wearable pieces as described below. Alternatively, some or all of the terminal functionality may be incorporated into the headset 16, which may include all the features required to communicate with a server computer. Therefore, the exact form of the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 utilized to practice the present system and method is not limited to only the embodiments shown in the drawings.

The voice-directed mobile terminal 10 is typically a voice-driven device that includes speech interfaces to permit a user 11 to communicate, using speech or voice, with the server computer 20 as shown in FIG. 2. Typically, the voice-generated mobile terminal's speech interfaces are configured to be capable of permitting multiple different users to communicate with the server computer (e.g., using speech-recognition technology that recognizes different English dialects or even different languages altogether). It will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the server computer 20 may be one or, more typically, a plurality of computers having software stored thereon. The server computer 20 may run one or more system software packages for handling a particular task or set of tasks, such as inventory and warehouse management systems (which are available in various commercial forms), or any other systems where multiple tasks are handled by multiple workers. The server computer 20 may be any of a variety of different computers, including both client and server computers working together, and/or databases and/or systems necessary to interface with multiple voice-directed mobile terminals 10 and associated with multiple different workers, provide the work tasks and teach the products or other items handled in the voice-directed work environment. The server computer 20 may include a Warehouse Management System (WMS), a database, and a Web application. The server computer 20 might also include a computer for programming and managing the individual voice-directed mobile terminals 10. The server computer 20 may be located at one facility or be distributed at geographically distinct facilities. Furthermore, the server computer 20 may include a proxy server. Therefore, the server computer 20 is not limited in scope to a specific configuration.

Alternatively, the voice-directed mobile terminals 10 may be stand-alone devices which interface directly with a user 11 without a server computer. Therefore, various aspects of the present disclosure might be handled with voice-directed mobile terminals only. Usually, however, to have sufficient database capability to handle large amounts of information, a server computer is desirable.

In an exemplary embodiment, the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 communicates with the server computer 20 using a wireless communication link 22. The wireless link may be through an appropriate wireless communication format (e.g., 802.11b/g/n) and may use one or more wireless access points that are coupled to the server computer 20 and accessed by the voice-directed mobile terminal 10. To allow the user to communicate with the system, one or more peripheral devices, such as a headset 16 (e.g., earpiece, earbuds, etc.), are coupled to the voice-directed mobile terminal 10. The headset 16 may be coupled to the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 with a cord 18 or by a wireless headset connection 19 (e.g., using the BLUETOOTH wireless protocol). The headset 16 is worn on the head of the user/worker and uses a microphone 21 for directing voice responses to the voice-directed mobile terminal 10. A headset speaker 17 provides (e.g., plays) voice commands to the user 11. The voice-directed mobile terminal 10 thus carries on a speech dialog with a user 11 and provides hands-free operation and voice-directed movement throughout a warehouse or other facility.

It will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that, although exemplary embodiments presented herein incorporate voice-direction techniques, the present disclosure is not limited to speech-directed terminals. The present disclosure embraces any terminal that carries on a dialog, speech, text (e.g., through a keyboard), gestures, or other communicative activity, with a user.

The server computer 20 includes a tasking module 25 for transmitting specific task data (e.g., picking instructions, training information, scheduling information, or other information associated with a request for a worker to perform some task or provide some information) to the voice-directed mobile terminal 10. Typically, the tasking module 25 is a software module stored on the server computer 20. Alternatively, the tasking module 25 may be a hardware module, or a combination of hardware and software. The voice-directed mobile terminal 10 uses the task data received from the tasking module 25 to generate audio outputs at the headsets and speakers. For example, text data is converted using a text-to-speech (TTS) interface to provide voice direction to a user. Speech input or feedback from a user is generated at the headset microphone 21 and transmitted to the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 where it is processed by speech recognition circuitry or other speech processing circuitry (e.g., speech recognition software). Any data that is obtained from the voice dialog (e.g., user speech data) may then be relayed to the server computer 20.

For example, in one typical workflow management system 100, the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 receives instructions (e.g., task data) from the tasking module 25 and converts those instructions into an audio transmission (e.g., audio file) to be heard by a worker/user 11 via a speaker 17. The user executes the audio instructions and, for example, goes to a designated location and picks a designated product or performs some other task communicated by the audio instructions. The user 11 then replies into the microphone 21, in a spoken language, such as with a verification of a location and/or a product, and the audio reply is converted to a useable data format (e.g., user speech data) to be sent back and processed by the server computer 20. That is, in the voice-directed or speech directed work context, the user 11 maintains a speech dialog (e.g., workflow dialog) with the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 and/or server computer 20 to execute and complete a variety of tasks.

To achieve greater efficiencies in the performance of tasks by workers, the server computer 20 of the system according to the present disclosure includes a workflow-analysis module 30. Typically, the workflow-analysis module 30 is a software module stored on the server computer 20. Alternatively, the workflow-analysis module 30 may be a hardware module, or a combination of hardware and software. The workflow-analysis module 30 generates, based at least in part upon an analysis of the workflow dialog between the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 and the user 11, performance data. The performance data relates to the performance of tasks associated with the storage, retrieval, and/or transport of items in the warehouse.

The performance data generated by the workflow-analysis module 30 may be viewed by a user 11, such as a workforce supervisor overseeing the performance of picking operators on a warehouse floor, on a display device (e.g., LCD monitor) in communication with the server computer 20. The workflow management system 100 may display the performance data in raw form or in a compiled form (e.g., a summary report), thereby providing the user 11 with information regarding the performance of tasks by the overall workforce (e.g., selection operators working a warehouse floor), a selected subgroup of the workforce, or an individual member of the workforce. In this way, the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure allows the user 11 to identify inefficiencies in the performance of tasks relating to the storage, retrieval, and/or transport of items in the warehouse. Typically, the workflow management system 100 is configured to receive and display at least a portion of the performance data in real time, thereby allowing the workforce manager to take immediate corrective action to remedy the reported inefficiency, mistake, or other problem. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the workflow management system 100 may be configured to provide performance data associated with a variety of factors tending to influence the overall performance of the workflow management system 100.

Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a warehouse setting, it will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the present disclosure embraces systems and methods that may be used in connection with other environments. For example, and without intending to limit the present disclosure, the systems and methods according to the present disclosure may be used in a retail store setting, a pharmacy setting, or a transport vehicle. The term warehouse, therefore, is used in its broadest sense and is not intended to limit the application of the disclosure to a particular physical environment.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes shorting information. Shorting information is data relating to instances (or lack of instances) of shorting. Shorting occurs when a user 11 is directed by a voice-directed mobile terminal 10 to retrieve (e.g., pick) a specified quantity of an item from a location, but the user 11 is unable to comply fully because there are not enough items at the location to fulfill the request.

More specifically, a user 11 (e.g., selection operator) utilizing a voice-directed mobile terminal 10 in a warehouse setting may be directed to a location within the warehouse. This specific location is typically referred to as a pick-face location. A pick-face is that portion of the warehouse that stores items for retrieval (e.g., picking) by users, usually the bottom two rows of racking. The user 11 is directed by the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 to pick a specified quantity of an item (e.g., product) from the pick-face location. Items at a pick-face location are generally stored in bins or pallets. Depending on availability of the item and the efficacy of the replenishment (e.g., re-stocking) processes, the specified quantity of the item may not be available when the user 11 arrives at the pick-face. The user 11 may only be able to pick N of M items (e.g., two items, where the specified quantity was three items). Other times, no product may be present at the specified pick-face location. An instance of this type is known as a “short product” or “short” situation or simply a “short”.

Shorts tend to be costly for a business because the product quantities specified to the user for retrieval are necessary to fulfill an order(s). When a user travels to and from a location where a short occurs, at least some portion of the users travel time is wasted. Furthermore, unless the order goes unfulfilled, a user (perhaps the same user) must revisit the location to make another attempt to fulfill the specified quantity. These instances of returning to a location to fulfill a retrieval task previously thwarted by a short are typically referred to as “go backs,” “chase assignments,” or “repicks”. The time required for a repack also represents time wasted as a result of a short.

Shorts often result in a deviation from optimal routing paths for users engaged in a selection assignment (e.g., a picking task). When multiplied across a large amount of time and/or a large number of users, such deviations can result in a significant amount of wasted time. This wasted time can impact a business' ability to satisfy customer orders in a timely fashion, and it can impact a business' costs (e.g., employee compensation costs expended on wasted time). Additionally, shorts can result in trickle-down consequences and side-effects that can be difficult to measure. For example, sending selection operators to unnecessary locations either once or for repeat visits to secure previously-shorted items can cause aisle or lane congestion. This congestion can negatively impact other selection operators who are also in the process of fulfilling orders. Delays in order fulfillment caused by congestion or other side-effects can result in shift overtime to fulfill those orders.

Additionally, a problem of “cascading” shorts can be encountered. Cascading shorts occur when an operator is sent to a specified location and experiences a short, and subsequently one or more shorts are experienced at the same location by the same selection operator or a different selection operator. Cascading shorts typically occur because the item is not properly replenished upon occurrence of the initial short.

Shorts can insidiously erode the efficiency of warehouse workflow because warehouse supervisors may be unaware of the incidence rate and cost associated with shorting. As such, workflow-analysis module 30 according to the present disclosure is configured to more readily identify instances of shorting, as well as determining the overall consequences of shorting.

The workflow-analysis module 30 analyzes the workflow dialog between the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 and the user 11 to identify instances of shorting. Instances of shorting, and data related thereto, are referred to as shorting information. Shorting information is included in the performance data that provides an overview of the overall efficiency with which warehouse tasks are being performed.

Typically, the workflow dialog is captured (e.g., recorded, captured, stored) by the voice-directed mobile terminal 10. As mentioned, the workflow dialog typically includes the directions (e.g., audible instructions) given by the speech out functionality of the voice-directed mobile terminal 10, as well as utterances by the user 11 as secured through speech recognition techniques. Typically, workflow dialog is captured as UTF-8 alphanumeric text strings. The workflow dialog is generally forwarded (e.g., transmitted) over a communications network 22 to the workflow-analysis module 30 of the server computer 22. Once received by the workflow-analysis module 30, the workflow-analysis module 30 can isolate those portions of the workflow dialog relating to interactions concerning shorting and time lost. The workflow-analysis module 30 typically isolates the relevant portions of workflow dialog by identifying key words or phrases relating to shorting. By way of example, consider the following exemplary workflow dialog:

-   -   Terminal: “Go to room 14, aisle 7, slot 23”     -   User: “331” (checkdigit confirming location)     -   Terminal: “Pick five.”     -   User: “Five” (for confirmation)     -   Terminal: “Go to aisle 11, slot 13” (same room)     -   User: “225” (checkdigit)     -   Terminal: “Pick three.”     -   User: “0”     -   Terminal: “Asked for 3, you said 0; is this a short product?”     -   User: “Yes”     -   Terminal: “Go to . . . ” (Pick completed; go to next location)

In the above exemplary workflow dialog, each captured expression can be uniquely identified and parsed into its constituent components, including the following components:

-   -   The locations to which the user was directed;     -   The travel time between locations, as calculated by the time         between the current travel prompt (e.g., “Go to aisle 11,         slot 13) and the user-spoken checkdigit;     -   The time at the pick-face, as calculated by the time from the         spoken checkdigit to the next travel prompt;     -   The actual distance or travel distance approximation (relative         or otherwise) in view of the previous, current and next travel         locations provided by the voice-directed mobile terminal; and     -   The indication that a short was made, as constituted by an         unexpected quantity, a prompt for confirmation of a short         product, and an affirmative response by the user. (In other         cases, the user might speak “short product” or a similar keyword         or phrase).

Values for each of the above-listed constituent components of the workflow dialog can be stored in a field in an electronic message for immediate processing. Alternatively, the values may be stored in a database of the server computer 20 for later analysis or re-analysis.

In addition to identifying instances of shorts, the workflow-analysis module 30 includes within its compilation of shorting information a determination of the cost of shorting. By including an analysis of the cost of shorting, the system is better able to impress upon system users (e.g., warehouse supervisors, management, etc.) the importance of taking action to reduce or eliminate shorts.

The workflow-analysis module 30 may utilize various methods to calculate the business costs associated with shorts. Consider the situation in which the user travels from point A to B to C (e.g., A-B-C) for a sequence of picks. If B is a zero-quantity short incident (e.g., a “zero-quantity short”), then travel from A to B and from B to C was at least partially unnecessary to the degree that the travel from A to B does not overlap with travel from A to C. In some cases (e.g., where B and C are adjacent slots), the difference of A-B-C and A-C are minimal.

If an XYZ-coordinate spatial map of the warehouse is available in a form that can be digitized, then calculating the respective distances between points (and discrepancies between alternate routes) is a matter of path construction and geometry. Other details such as one-way travel through aisles or no travel zones may also be considered. Utilization of a warehouse map is a relatively accurate way to calculate travel distance and corresponding time lost due to unnecessary travel caused by shorts. A map may not always be feasible or available, however. For example, the costs of acquiring, digitizing, and maintaining a map may be prohibitive.

A second approach to determining the travel time lost due to shorts is to track and store all instances of travel, or at least summary statistics of travel segments as reported by the workflow management system (e.g., mean, standard deviation, quantiles, etc.). These values may be stored as a key-value map of travel segment specification (A-B), for example. In the above example shorting instance, the travel time for segments A-B and B-C are known because they are inherent to the shorting event. Therefore, only the travel time for A-C would need to be looked up. Depending on the size of the warehouse and workforce, as well as the duration of tracking travel distances, a segment-to-segment database of travel times may, in practice, be insufficiently populated to provide reliable travel time estimates for some (or perhaps many) segments.

A third approach to determining the travel time lost due to shorts relies upon a rational construction of location identifiers. For example, if location A is associated with “area 5, aisle 16, slot 2” and location B is associated with “area 5, aisle 17, slot 7,” then a distance metric can be calculated. While not exact in its measurements, the distance metric contributes a sense of relative distances between pick-face locations. At a minimum, this technique allows the scoring of potential travel losses (e.g., more severe, less severe, etc.). Segmenting the slot locations within an aisle into groups identifying the right, middle and left portions could further refine the travel calculation. When complemented with the travel time inherent in a shorting scenario, as well as any other location segment travel time already stored (e.g. cached), this approach yields more precise information than any of the three approaches discussed herein could when used alone.

When determining time lost due to zero-quantity shorts, the workflow-analysis module 30 typically also accounts for follow-up actions that are required to remedy the short. For example, the workflow-analysis module typically accounts for time expended for repicks. The workflow management system 100 according to the present invention may adopt a specialized vocabulary for identifying remedial actions such as repicks. In other words, the system's library of recognized speech may include words relating to remedial activities such as repicks. For example, when a user 11 initiates a repick, the user 11 may speak the word “repick,” which alerts the workflow-analysis module to associate the corresponding travel time with activity to remedy a short. This time spent remedying a short may also be included in the shorting information compiled by the workflow-analysis module 30.

In addition to the problem of zero-quantity shorts, reduced-quantity shorts occur when the quantity picked by the user 11 is greater than zero but less than the quantity prescribed by the voice-directed mobile terminal (in response to task data received from the tasking module 25). In other words, a reduced-quantity short occurs when the item is present at the identified pick-face location, but not in sufficient quantity to fulfill the order. In situations involving a reduced-quantity short, travel to and from the pick-face location, and the time spent at the pick-face, may not be considered by the workflow-analysis module 30 as wasted time (because at least some of the items were retrieved and/or orders were fulfilled). Follow-up activities (e.g., repicks) associated with a reduced-quantity short, however, would typically be included in the workflow-analysis module's calculation of wasted time associated with the short.

As mentioned above, shorts can result in side-effects, such as congestion, that may be hard to discern and calculate. To provide a more comprehensive accounting of the costs associated with shorts, the workflow analysis module 30 according to the present disclosure may incorporate congestion costs into its determination of overall shorting costs (e.g., shorting information), which are in turn included in the performance data. Congestion costs arising from shorting may be determined (e.g., estimated) by (a) finding instances where users (e.g., selection operators) are roughly within the same location (e.g., the same aisle) at the same time, or locations where multiple users are anticipated to be traveling to/from within a short time period; (b) correlating those instances with increases in travel time to/from those locations; (c) where a correlation exists, developing descriptive statistics around the difference in time between the congested activity and congestion-free activity; and (d) determining which of the instances are due to zero-quantity shorts or follow-up activities, and summing that time to arrive at a total cost effect (in time) due to shorting.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes wrong location information. Wrong location information is data associated with an instance where a user 11 (e.g., selection operator) travels to a location other than the location to which the user was directed by the voice-directed mobile terminal 10. There may be a variety of reasons why a user would go to the wrong location. For example, the user may have difficulty navigating the warehouse and/or understanding the warehouse's organizational structure. Whatever the cause, going to the wrong location can result in significant costs in terms of travel time (e.g., to and from the wrong location) and potential product selection errors. Incidences of wrong location may increase according to the experience level of the user, the turnover rate of the warehouse workforce, and the size and layout of the warehouse. Without properly identifying wrong location instances, warehouse managers may be largely unaware of the problem because, for example, it may not be apparent that a user is having difficulty navigating the warehouse. Because the workflow-analysis module 30 according to the present disclosure is configured to identify instances of wrong location, warehouse managers can be apprised of such problems and take remedial action (e.g., employee training). In this way, the present system 100 can make the sometimes-insidious problem of wrong location visible to business managers so that corrective action may be taken to avoid potentially substantial business costs associated with these errors.

Typically, the workflow-analysis module 30 is alerted to an instance of a wrong location when a user reports an unexpected checkdigit. As discussed above, checkdigits are typically random alphanumeric expressions (e.g., “6853”) that are positioned (e.g., posted) at a pick-face location. When the user arrives at a location, the user utters the checkdigit, which the system 100 then uses to verify that the correct location has been reached. Where the incorrect checkdigit is uttered, the workflow-analysis module 30 may determine the instance of wrong location by analyzing the workflow dialog for relevant keywords or phrases. For example, a voice-directed mobile terminal's expression of “Incorrect checkdigit” would alert the workflow-analysis module 30 that a wrong location instance may have occurred.

The workflow-analysis module 30 may employ a probabilistic algorithm that takes one or more of the following factors into account to establish an increasing level of confidence that a user has traveled to a wrong location:

-   -   (A) All N (e.g., 3) digits in the attempt at the checkdigit are         recognized as different (e.g., by digit) than what is expected         at the pick-face (for example, if the user is recognized as         saying “1-2-3” when the expected checkdigit is “4-5-6,” the         workflow-analysis module 30 can safely assume that the         checkdigit error is due to wrong location (as opposed to         transposed digits, for example));     -   (B) The rejected checkdigit is an actual checkdigit         corresponding to an alternate location in the warehouse (or an         actual alternative checkdigit with transposed numbers);     -   (C) The same incorrect checkdigit is spoken more than once in         the same instance of selecting from a pick-face (e.g., in         response to a checkdigit re-confirmation request);     -   (D) The user queries the system for the desired location via a         keyword or key phrase such as “location” or “where am I” in an         attempt to refresh the user's understanding of the proper         specified pick-face location;     -   (E) A significant pause is detected after a checkdigit attempt         is rejected, thereby potentially indicating hidden travel time         by the user while in transit from a wrong location to the proper         location, the arrival at which is indicated by a delayed         utterance of the correct checkdigit.

In addition to the above factors that may be indicative of a wrong location, if the location information (e.g., area, aisle, slot) communicated to the user via speech out is rational in its construction, then a distance metric may be established between locations to provide relative distances between any location in question in the interaction. Distance values between spoken and expected checkdigit locations may, in turn, provide some confidence regarding hidden travel time. In particular, to the extent that a correct location is more distant from the user's current location (as indicated by the incorrect checkdigit), hidden travel time becomes easier to detect. Furthermore, relative distance information may be utilized by the workflow-analysis module 30 to identify the most egregious cases of wrong location. Alternatively, or in addition, where a database of distances and/or records of travel times between segments is available, the workflow-analysis module 30 may use this database information to inform hidden travel times.

Yet another factor that may, in some instances, be indicative of wrong location involves the use of wireless network connectivity information. Typically, a voice-directed mobile terminal 10 is communicatively connected to the communications network 22 via a wireless connection (e.g., 802.11b/g/n, WiFi, GPRS. etc.). This allows for greater mobility as the user moves about the warehouse. The workflow-analysis module 30 may analyze wireless connectivity information as an indicator of whether a wrong location has occurred. For example, the workflow-analysis module 30 may determine which wireless access point the user is connected to at the time of the checkdigit utterance. Where the detected wireless access point does not provide wireless coverage (e.g., due to distance limitations) at the location of the checkdigit utterance, then a wrong location is indicated. This may be referred to as “WiFi fingerprinting.” Because access point signal strength and coverage tend to vary significantly, this approach typically only complements the overall wrong location analysis performed by the workflow-analysis module 30.

As mentioned, one or more of the above-discussed factors may be used by the workflow-analysis module 30 in identifying instances of wrong location. Once a sufficient amount of data relating to these factors has been collected by the system, the workflow-analysis module 30 may initiate statistical analysis to assign scores or probabilities to these factors. These scores or probabilities may be additionally informed by information relating to human observation and/or expert opinion. Probability or scoring thresholds can then be established to identify the most likely or acceptable instances of wrong location.

As mentioned, there can be significant costs incurred by a business as a result of instances of wrong location. Addressing the cost of wrong locations can be approached in a number of ways, including: (a) prevention of travel to a wrong location; (b) interruption of travel to a wrong location; and (c) identification of wrong location followed by alerting the user to allow for fast recovery.

In an exemplary embodiment, the workflow-analysis module 30 is configured to notify system users (e.g., supervisors) that a wrong location problem is significant and, therefore, merits corrective action. Corrective (e.g., preventative) action may include supplemental employee training and orientation; alterations to warehouse layout, signage, and/or other indicators of location and travel routes. Individuals who are having a particularly difficult time with travel to wrong locations may be identified through such analysis and counseled to improve their performance. If repeat locations and/or users (e.g., selection operators) are identified by the workflow-analysis module 30, the system 100 may take proactive action in directing a particular user (e.g., through more explicit instructions).

In addition to post hoc analysis described above, the above-described confidence factors relating to wrong location can be used by the system 100 to alert a user in real time that the user is at the wrong location. For example, the user could be alerted by a recognizable audio tone (e.g., audio tone sequence) and/or a location prompt. The alert may also include instructions directing the user to the correct location. This real-time feedback approach may significantly reduce recovery time experienced as a result of wrong location.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes unproductive time information. Unproductive time information includes a quantification of time spent by a user outside of assignment-related activities. This may include time spent signing on to the voice-directed mobile terminal 10, time spent between assignments and break time. By allowing users (e.g., warehouse supervisors) to examine summaries of unproductive time, measures may be employed to reduce such waste.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes an item's order frequency. Order frequency information relates to items identified as experiencing increases or decreases (e.g., rapid increases/decreases) in their order frequency. Identifying such “hot” or “cold” items can be useful for purposes of reslotting (e.g., relocating to another pick-face location) items for more efficient picking assignments. For example, items experiencing higher order frequencies may be reslotted into highly traveled areas. This may occur, for example, in relation to seasonal items.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes overtime information. Overtime information is associated with quantities of employee overtime (e.g., overtime hours), and may include information relating to potential causes for overtime in relation to days against which overtime was not necessary.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes recognition information. Recognition information may include information regarding quantity and frequency of checkdigit substitutions. Analysis of recognition information may lead to recommendation of corrective measures such as retraining of digital templates.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes communications network information. Network information includes data relating to the performance of the communications network being used by the system 100. In particular, communications network information relates to the quality of the communication connection between the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 and the server computer 20. Instances of poor network communication may result in user downtime due to an inability to receive task data, for example. A variety of factors may contribute to poor network communication, including faulty hardware and signal interference.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes user confusion information. User confusion information includes data relating to a user's (e.g., selection operator) inappropriate usage of system vocabulary, asking for help, or high levels of per-transaction interaction with the voice-directed mobile terminal 10.

In an exemplary embodiment of the workflow management system 100 according to the present disclosure, the workflow-analysis module 30 generates performance data that includes an operator-pick-instance-profile. An operator-pick-instance-profile provides a comprehensive view of a particular user's (e.g., selection operator) performance of tasks relating to the storage, retrieval and movement of items in the warehouse. Again, the workflow-analysis module 30 analyzes the workflow dialog to build an operator-pick-instance-profile. At the lowest level, this includes parsing the workflow dialog for interaction counts, vocabulary usage, dates and times, durations, locations, quantities, and product or container identifiers. Additionally, higher-level contextual information can be derived from the low-level data to arrive at shift information, break times, tardiness, and so on.

An operator-pick-instance-profile may include data relating to the number of interactions required for a pick; the specific use of vocabulary and number of instances of each; timings associated with interactions; pick rates and changes in velocity; quantities picked; and product or container identifiers in play. Some user (e.g., selection operator) or shift-specific information may also be relevant as background information bearing on a particular pick. This may include time since last break; relative performance today versus average historical performance; tardiness or break abuse; day of the week; time of day; shift number; proximity to break time; proximity to quitting time, etc. By compiling all of this data, the workflow-analysis module 30 is able to create a quantifiable profile (e.g., a “feature vector”) for any particular pick at a slot. As picks happen, data can be captured in real time, and profiles for each pick may be assembled and stored for subsequent analysis in a database as an operator-pick-instance-profile.

Certain embodiments of the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 may include a variety of sensors and accessory components, including, for example, radios, accelerometers, gyroscopes, compasses, ambient light sources, background noise reducers, etc. Data generated by these sensors and additional components may augment the workflow-analysis module's 30 ability to compile an accurate operator-pick-instance-profile.

To include historical data compiled prior to installation of the present system 100, the historical log of errors and their relation to particular users and particular picks and/or assignments must be imported into the system 100. This may be performed by manual data entry by a user (e.g., warehouse supervisor). Alternatively, appropriate software may be used to migrate legacy data into the new system 100.

The workflow-analysis module 30 may also generate performance data that includes site summary information. Site summary information provides an overview of a business' site operations, including, for example, site statistics which may be represented graphically (e.g., in a pie chart). The site summary may break down the activity of users of voice-directed mobile terminals 10. For example, site summary information may describe the percentage of time spent picking and travelling versus signing on or taking breaks. This site summary information provides a useful overview of a business' operations, and also provides indicators where improvement may be achieved (e.g., by reducing wasted time, improving training, buttressing hardware or software performance, etc.).

The workflow-analysis module 30 may also generate performance data that includes value-of-voice information relating to benefits realized by the utilization of a voice-enabled system. In this way, the present system 100 may provide an organization with statistical evidence of the benefits of a voice-enabled system over a traditional management system based upon orders transmitted to workers via paper or text-based mobile displays.

The workflow-analysis module 30 may also generate performance data relating to a mapping between identified instances of quality issues (e.g., mispicks) and various indicators of operator behavior. Such mapping may be useful in targeted auditing of assignments or other methods of error prevention.

The workflow-analysis module 30 may also generate performance data relating to the performance of the hardware associated with the system. For example, the performance data may include information regarding the operation of the voice-directed mobile terminal 10 or related information (e.g., need for software upgrade).

It will be appreciated that the present disclosure additionally embraces methods associated with the embodiments of the system according to the present disclosure.

To supplement the present disclosure, this application incorporates entirely by reference the following patents, patent application publications, and patent applications:

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In the specification and/or figures, typical embodiments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments. The use of the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. The figures are schematic representations and so are not necessarily drawn to scale. Unless otherwise noted, specific terms have been used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for managing storage, retrieval, and transport of an item in a warehouse, comprising: a voice-directed mobile terminal for facilitating a workflow dialog between a user and the voice-directed mobile terminal, the voice-directed mobile terminal comprising a headset, the headset comprising a microphone, the workflow dialog comprising an audio output provided to the user by at least the headset, the audio output comprising a quantity of item prompted to be picked from a location, the workflow dialog further comprising speech input at the microphone of the headset, the speech input comprising a quantity of item picked from the location and spoken by a user; and a server computer in communication with the voice-directed mobile terminal, configured to: analyze the workflow dialog and isolate a relevant portion in the workflow dialog to determine the quantity of item prompted and the quantity of item picked; and generate performance data based at least in part upon the analysis of the workflow dialog, wherein the performance data comprises shorting information; wherein the voice-directed mobile terminal is configured to: capture, by way of the microphone of the headset, speech input spoken by the user and comprising the quantity of item picked; and wherein the server computer of the system is configured to: compare the quantity of item picked to the quantity of item prompted in the workflow dialog to determine a shortage of the item at the given location; in response to determining that the item prompted is short, determine a travel time loss due to the shortage of item by evaluating a combination of a time taken by the user to revisit the given location to fulfill the shortage of item and an additional time taken to fulfill the shortage of the item based on one or more cascading shorts caused in an instance in which the user revisits the given location and the item prompted is short; and based on the determined travel time loss and the shorting information, generate a report providing a summary pertaining to the shorting information and the travel time loss.
 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the travel time loss due to shortage of the item is based on a combination of the time taken by the user to revisit the given location to fulfill the shortage of item and a determined time lost due to unnecessary travel to the given location, and wherein the time lost due to unnecessary travel is calculated based on evaluating a prestored summary statistics of travel segments.
 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises the shorting information; and wherein the server of the system is configured to: provide, in response to determining the shortage of item at the location, an audio instruction to the user via the headset to confirm the shortage of the item at the location.
 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the shorting information comprises a shorting rate.
 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the travel time loss due to the shortage of item is calculated based at least in part upon travel distances derived from a digitized map of the warehouse.
 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the travel time loss due to the shortage of item is calculated based at least in part upon historical travel times.
 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the travel time loss due to the shortage of item is calculated based at least in part upon a rational construction of location identifiers, the rational construction of location identifiers comprises a distance measure that represents a relative distance between pick-face locations.
 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the travel time loss due to the shortage of item comprises time spent performing follow-up activities.
 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises wrong location information.
 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises unproductive time information.
 11. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises the item's order frequency.
 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises overtime information.
 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises recognition information.
 14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises communications network information.
 15. The system according to claim 1, wherein the performance data comprises an operator-pick-instance-profile.
 16. The system according to claim 2, wherein the travel time loss due to shortage of the item is further based on an additional time taken to fulfill the shortage of item based on congestion caused in an instance in which a plurality of users are in the same vicinity due to the shortage of item.
 17. A system for managing storage, retrieval, and transport of an item in a warehouse, comprising: a voice-directed mobile terminal for facilitating a workflow dialog between a user and a voice-directed mobile terminal; and a server computer in communication with the voice-directed mobile terminal, configured to: analyze the workflow dialog and isolate a relevant portion in the workflow dialog to determine a quantity of item prompted to be picked by the user from a location and a quantity of item picked by the user from the location; and generate performance data based at least in part upon the analysis of the workflow dialog, wherein the performance data comprises shorting information; wherein the voice-directed mobile terminal is configured to: capture, by way of the microphone of the headset, speech input spoken by the user and comprising the quantity of item picked; and wherein the server is configured to: compare the quantity of item picked to the quantity of item prompted in the workflow dialog to determine a shortage of the item at the given location; in response to determining that the item prompted is short, determine a travel time loss due to the shortage of item by evaluating a combination of a time taken by the user to revisit the given location to fulfill the shortage of item and an additional time taken to fulfill the shortage of the item based on one or more cascading shorts caused in an instance in which the user revisits the given location and the item prompted is short; and based on the determined travel time loss and the shorting information, generate a report providing a summary pertaining to the shorting information and the travel time loss.
 18. A method for managing storage, retrieval, and transport of an item in a warehouse, comprising: transmitting task data from a server computer to a voice-directed mobile terminal in communication with the server; providing speech-based instructions associated with the task data to a user using the voice-directed mobile terminal, the voice-directed mobile terminal for facilitating a workflow dialog between the user and the voice-directed mobile terminal, the voice-directed mobile terminal comprising a headset, the headset comprising a microphone, comprising an audio output provided to the user by the headset, the audio output comprising a quantity of item prompted to be picked from a location, the workflow dialog further comprising speech input captured at the microphone of the headset, the speech input comprising a quantity of item picked from the location and spoken by the user; and analyzing the workflow dialog between the user and the voice-directed mobile terminal, at the server, to generate performance data comprising shorting information, wherein analyzing the workflow dialog comprises: comparing the quantity of item picked to the quantity of item prompted in the workflow dialog to determine a shortage of the item at the given location; confirming the shortage of the item based on the comparison between the quantity of item picked and to the quantity of item prompted in the workflow dialog; in response to confirming that the item prompted is short, determining a travel time loss due to the shortage of item by evaluating a combination of time taken by the user to revisit the given location to fulfill the shortage of item and an additional time taken to fulfill the shortage of the item based on one or more cascading shorts caused in an instance in which the user revisits the given location and the item prompted is short.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the performance data further comprises unproductive time information, an item's order frequency, overtime information, recognition information, communications network information, and/or user confusion information.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the travel time loss due to shortage of item is further determined based on evaluating a prestored summary statistics of travel segments. 